Illustration of an AI chat window balanced on scales of justice against an international human rights law document, with users and a shield

Digital Hate Review: Generative AI and Free Speech: The Importance of International Human Rights Law

Posted on by Natalie Alkiviadou in AI, Digital Regulation, Global Free Speech, Hate Speech, Journal, Online Content Moderation, Publications

By Natalie Alkiviadou Introduction Generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly becoming embedded within everyday communication, information access, research, education, and public discourse. Tools such as ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Grok, and Meta AI are widely used by the public. Crucially, these systems function as intermediaries through which millions of users search for information, summarize material, […]

Illustration of an AI brain examining social media speech bubbles with a magnifying glass, beside scales of justice and a shield

SUR International Journal on Human Rights: Artificial Intelligence and Online Hate Speech Moderation

Posted on by Natalie Alkiviadou in AI, Digital Regulation, Global Free Speech, Hate Speech, Journal, Publications

By Natalie Alkiviadou Abstract Artificial intelligence is increasingly being used by social media platforms to tackle online hate speech. The sheer quantity of content, the speed at which it is developed and growing state pressure on companies to remove hate speech quickly from their platforms have led to a tricky situation. This commentary argues that […]

“That Violates My Policies”: AI Laws, Chatbots, and the Future of Expression | 2026 Edition

Posted on by Jordi Calvet-Bademunt, Isabelle Anzabi, Jacob Mchangama, Ashkhen Kazaryan, Dr. Eliza Bechtold, Emmanuel Vargas Penagos, Francesca Chocano Villanueva, Katalin Kelemen, Lina Palacios, Matías González Mama, Sandi Rizvic, Tomiwa Ilori, Trịnh Hữu Long and Yaman Akdeniz in AI, Digital Regulation, Featured Publications, Global Free Speech, Online Content Moderation, Publications, Reports

In the 2026 edition of our report, we explore how public governance of generative artificial intelligence (AI) shapes the space for free expression and access to information. Since OpenAI launched ChatGPT in November 2022, generative AI has moved from a novelty to a tool embedded in everyday communication and information access. As its reach has […]

International Conference on Machine Learning: AI Usage Policies Should Be Aligned with International Human Rights Law

Posted on by Jordi Calvet-Bademunt in AI, Digital Regulation, disinformation, Journal, Online Content Moderation, Publications

By Jordi Calvet-Bademunt Abstract Concerns about misinformation and disinformation are central to debates on the governance of generative AI services, yet guidance on when and how providers should restrict mis/disinformation while respecting freedom of expression remains underdeveloped. AI usage policies are a primary mechanism of user guidance and, in practice, operate as a form of […]

That Violates My Policies: AI Laws, Chatbots, and The Future of Expression

Posted on by Jordi Calvet-Bademunt, Jacob Mchangama, Isabelle Anzabi, Ge Chen, Sangeeta Mahapatra, Kyung Sin (K.S.) Park, Carlos Affonso Souza, Jacob Shapiro, Kevin T. Greene and Carlos Olea in AI, Digital Regulation, Featured Publications, Global Free Speech, Online Content Moderation, Publications, Reports

Executive Summary Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed the way people access information and create content, pushing us to consider whether existing frameworks remain fit for purpose. Less than three years after ChatGPT’s launch, hundreds of millions of users now rely on models from OpenAI and other companies for learning, entertainment, and work. Against a […]

CELE: Moderating Hate or Moderating Rights? The Paradox of the European Approach to Online Hate Speech and Platform Liability

Posted on by Natalie Alkiviadou in AI, Digital Regulation, disinformation, Global Free Speech, Hate Speech, Journal, Publications

Abstract This paper critically assesses the European approach to regulating online hate speech through platform liability frameworks, focusing on Germany’s Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG) and the European Union’s Digital Services Act. It argues that these laws, while aiming to curb online harm, risk infringing on the right to freedom of expression and non-discrimination by delegating […]

Report: Freedom of Expression in Generative AI – A Snapshot of Content Policies

Posted on by Jacob Mchangama and Jordi Calvet-Bademunt in AI, Culture, Featured Publications, Online Content Moderation, Publications, Reports

Download the report   By Jacob Mchangama and Jordi Calvet-Bademunt Summary Anyone who has tested generative AI with slightly controversial issues is now familiar with expressions such as “I’m unable to help you with that” (Google’s Gemini). Or “I’m not able to generate content that takes a stand on controversial historical or political issues” (Inflection’s […]

International journal of Human Rights: Artificial intelligence and online hate speech moderation

Posted on by Natalie Alkiviadou in AI, Journal, Online Content Moderation, Publications

Justitias Natalie Alkiviadou in International journal of Human Rights “Whilst automated mechanisms can assist human moderators by picking up on potentially hateful speech, they should not be solely responsible for removing hate speech. Biased training data sets, the lack of relevant data and the lack of conceptualization of context and nuance can lead to wrong […]